[Severe sepsis and septic shock by Escherichia coli, clinical and microbiological analysis in Medellin, Colombia]. / Análisis clínico y microbiológico de la sepsis grave y el choque séptico por Escherichia coli en Medellín, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli is a common cause of a broad spectrum of infections, from non-complicated urinary tract infection, to severe sepsis and septic shock, that are associated to high impact outcomes, such as ICU admission and mortality. AIMS: To establish differences in mortality, ICU admission, ESBL positive strains and antibiotic treatment, between patients with E. coli related severe sepsis and septic shock, with or without bacteremia and its variability based on the source of infection. METHOD: Secondary data analysis of a multicentric prospective cohort study. RESULTS: From 458 patients with E. coli isolation, 123 had E. coli exclusively in blood culture, 222 solely in urine culture, and 113 in both samples. Escherichia coli isolation exclusively in blood culture was associated with higher frequency of ICU admission (n = 63; 51.2%), higher rate of mechanical ventilation requirement (n = 19; 15.5%), higher mortality and longer hospital stay (n = 22; 18%; median of 12 days, IQR= 7 - 17, respectively); but with a lower occurrence of ESBL strains, compared to patients with positive urine culture and positive blood/urine cultures (n = 20; 17.7% and n = 46; 20.7%, respectively). 424 patients (92.6%) received antibiotic treatment in the first 24 hours. The most commonly prescribed was piperacilin/tazobactam (n = 256;60.3%). The proportion of patients empirically treated with carbapenems vs non-carbapenems was similar in the three groups. DISCUSSION: The source of infection, associated with ESBL strains risk factors, are useful tools to define prognosis and treatment in this population, because of their clinical and microbiological variability. CONCLUSION: Patients with E. coli isolation exclusively in the blood culture had higher frequency of non-favorable outcomes in comparison to patients with E. coli in urine culture with or without bacteremia. Additionally, in our population patients with E. coli solely in blood culture have lower prevalence of ESBL positive strains.

Análisis clínico y microbiológico de la sepsis grave y el choque séptico por Escherichia coli en Medellín, Colombia / Severe sepsis and septic shock by Escherichia coli, clinical and microbiological analysis in Medellin, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Escherichia coli es causa frecuente de un amplio espectro de infecciones, desde una infeccion urinaria no complicada hasta la sepsis grave y el choque septico, asociadas con desenlaces de alto impacto como ingreso a UCI y mortalidad. Objetivos: Determinar las diferencias en mortalidad. ingreso a UCI/UCE, presencia de cepas BLEE y tratamiento antimicrobiano en pacientes con sepsis grave y choque séptico por E. coli, con o sin bacteriemia, asi como su variabilidad dependiendo del foco infeccioso. Material y Métodos: Análisis secundario de estudio de cohorte prospective multicéntrico. Resultados: De 458 pacientes que tenian infeccion por E. coli, 123 tenian aislamiento solo en hemocultivo, 222 solo en urocultivo y 113 en ambas muestras. El aislamiento solo en hemocultivo se asocio mayor frecuencia de ingreso a UCI (n = 63; 5,2%). mayor necesidad de ventilacion mecánica (n = 19; 15,5%), mayor mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria (n = 22; 18%; mediana de 12 dias, RIQ= 7-17, respectivamente), pero con menor presencia de cepas productoras de BLEE en comparacion con urocultivos y hemocultivo, urocultivo (n = 20; 17,7% y n = 46; 20,7%, respectivamente). Recibieron tratamiento antimicrobiano en las primeras 24 h 424 pacientes (92,6%), con mas frecuencia piperacilina/ tazobactam (n = 256,60,3%). La proporcion de pacientes tratados empiricamente con carbapenemicos vs no carbapenemicos fue similar en los tres grupos. Discusión: El foco infeccioso. sumado a factores de nesgo para cepas productoras de BLEE, son herramientas utiles para definir pronostico y tratamiento en esta población, debido a la variabilidad clínica y microbiologica en los distintos aislados. Conclusión: Los pacientes con aislamiento de E. coli solo en hemocultivo presentan con mayor frecuencia desenlaces desfavorables en comparación con los pacientes con E. coli en urocultivo, con o sin bacteriemia. Llama la atencion en nuestro medio la menor cantidad de cepas productoras de BLEE en los pacientes con solo hemocultivo positivo.

Background: Escherichia coli is a common cause of a broad spectrum of infections, from non-complicated urinary tract infection, to severe sepsis and septic shock, that are associated to high impact outcomes, such as ICU admission and mortality. Aims: To establish differences in mortality, ICU admission, ESBL positive strains and antibiotic treatment, between patients with E. coli related severe sepsis and septic shock, with or without bacteremia and its variability based on the source of infection. Method: Secondary data analysis of a multicentric prospective cohort study. Results: From 458 patients with E. coli isolation, 123 had E. coli exclusively in blood culture, 222 solely in urine culture, and 113 in both samples. Escherichia coli isolation exclusively in blood culture was associated with higher frequency of ICU admission (n = 63; 51.2%), higher rate of mechanical ventilation requirement (n = 19; 15.5%), higher mortality and longer hospital stay (n = 22; 18%; median of 12 days, IQR= 7 - 17, respectively); but with a lower occurrence of ESBL strains, compared to patients with positive urine culture and positive blood/urine cultures (n = 20; 17.7% and n = 46; 20.7%, respectively). 424 patients (92.6%) received antibiotic treatment in the first 24 hours. The most commonly prescribed was piperacilin/tazobactam (n = 256;60.3%). The proportion of patients empirically treated with carbapenems vs non-carbapenems was similar in the three groups. Discussion: The source of infection, associated with ESBL strains risk factors, are useful tools to define prognosis and treatment in this population, because of their clinical and microbiological variability. Conclusion: Patients with E. coli isolation exclusively in the blood culture had higher frequency of non-favorable outcomes in comparison to patients with E. coli in urine culture with or without bacteremia. Additionally, in our population patients with E. coli solely in blood culture have lower prevalence of ESBL positive strains.

Caracterización clínica y microbiológica de la bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus / Clinical and microbiological characterization of bacteremia by Staphylococcus aureus

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es una frecuente causa de bacteriemias y el incremento en las tasas de resistencia dificulta su tratamiento inicial. La incidencia de bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SAMR) ha aumentado, principalmente en las infecciones adquiridas en el medio hospitalario. Este estudio pretende caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus detectados en un hospital de Medellín y definir su perfil de resistencia microbiana. Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron pacientes >16 años con aislamiento para Staphylococcus aureus en sangre periférica. Se registró información relacionada con el episodio, el sitio de adquisición, la clasificación microbiológica y las características clínicas. Resultados: de 775 reportes de hemocultivos positivos para S. aureus, finalmente se ingresaron 698 pacientes al estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIQ=42-69), 383 eran hombres (54.9%). En 354 pacientes (50.7%) la bacteriemia era de origen nosocomial y el 26.2% (n=183) eran SAMR. En 123 (17.6%) bacteriemias adquiridas en la comunidad, la frecuencia de SAMR fue 33.3% (n=41). El antecedente más frecuente fue tener un catéter vascular en 321 pacientes (46%). Se inició terapia empírica en 67.2% de los casos (n=469). Respecto a la gravedad, la mediana del puntaje SOFA fue de 4 (RIQ=1-5), APACHE II de 15 (RIQ=10-19) y la mortalidad fue del 24.9% (n=174). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la mayoría de bacteriemias son de origen nosocomial, el reporte más frecuente fue SAMS tanto en el grupo nosocomial como en el de la comunidad. Sin embargo, la mortalidad en el grupo de bacteriemia nosocomial fue inferior comparada con la de la comunidad. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 200-206).

Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of bacteremia and the increase in resistance rates makes initial treatment difficult. The incidence of bacteraemia due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has increased, mainly in infections acquired in the hospital environment. This study aims to clinically characterize patients with S. aureus bacteremia detected in a Medellín hospital and to define their microbial resistance profile. Methods: retrospective cohort in a tertiary hospital. Patients >16 years with isolation for Staphylococcus aureus in peripheral blood were included. Information related to the episode, the acquisition site, the microbiological classification and the clinical characteristics were recorded. Results: Of 775 reports of blood cultures positive for S. aureus, 698 patients were finally admitted to the study. The median age was 58 years (RIQ = 42-69), 383 were men (54.9%). In 354 patients (50.7%) the bacteremia was of nosocomial origin and 26.2% (n = 183) were MRSA. In 123 (17.6%) bacteremia acquired in the community, the frequency of MRSA was 33.3% (n = 41). The most frequent antecedent was to have a vascular catheter in 321 patients (46%). Empirical therapy was initiated in 67.2% of the cases (n = 469). Regarding severity, the SOFA score median was 4 (RIQ = 1-5), APACHE II of 15 (RIQ = 10-19) and mortality was 24.9% (n = 174). Conclusions: although the majority of bacteremia are of nosocomial origin, the most frequent report was MSSA in both the nosocomial and community groups. Despite this, mortality in the nosocomial bacteremia group was lower compared with that of the community. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 200-206).

Grouping of body areas affected in traffic accidents. A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Traffic accidents are considered a public health problem and, according to the World Health Organization, currently is the eighth cause of death in the world. Specifically, pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists contribute half of the fatalities. Adequate clinical management in accordance with aggregation patterns of the body areas involved, as well as the characteristics of the accident, will help to reduce mortality and disability in this population. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of a cohort of patients involved in traffic accidents and admitted to the emergency room (ER) of a high complexity hospital in Medellín, Colombia. They were over 15 years of age, had two or more injuries in different areas of the body and had a hospital stay of more than 24 h after admission. A cluster analysis was performed, using Ward's method and the linfinity similarity measure, to obtain clusters of body areas most commonly affected depending on the type of vehicle and the type of victim. RESULTS: Among 2445 patients with traffic accidents, 34% (n = 836) were admitted into the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the overall hospital mortality rate was 8% (n = 201). More than 50% of the patients were motorcycle riders but mortality was higher in pedestrian-car accidents (16%, n = 34). The clusters show efficient performance to separate the population depending on the severity of their injuries. Pedestrians had the highest mortality after having accidents with cars and they also had the highest number of body parts clustered, mainly on head and abdomen areas. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring the cluster patterns of injuries and body areas affected in traffic accidents allow to establish anatomical groups defined by the type of accident and the type of vehicle. This classification system will accelerate and prioritize ER-care for these population groups, helping to provide better health care services and to rationalize available resources.

Ronda clínica y epidemiológica: sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) en salud / Clinical and epidemiological round: Geographic information systems in health / Ronda clínica e epidemiológica: sistemas de informação geográfica (sig) na área da saúde

La estrecha relación que tienen los eventos en salud, el medio ambiente y las condiciones socioeconómicas adversas de las poblaciones ha hecho que los sistemas de información geográfica se incorporen al sector de forma progresiva, brindando la oportunidad de explorar la distribución espacial de los eventos y sirviendo de apoyo para la toma de decisiones médicas, la vigilancia y la implementación de políticas en salud pública. En este artículo se intenta contextualizar el uso de los sistemas de información geográfica en el sector salud, con especial énfasis en su aplicación en la epidemiología y la salud pública.

The close relationship between health events, environment and adverse socioeconomic conditions has led to the progressive incorporation of geographic information systems into health research, providing the opportunity to explore the spatial distribution of events and helping medical decision, surveillance and implementation of public health policies. This article attempts to contextualize the use of geographic information systems in the health sector, with particular emphasis on its application in epidemiology and public health.

A estreita relação que eles têm os acontecimentos na área da saúde, do meio ambiente e das condições socioeconômicas adversas da população tem feito que sistemas de informação geográfica sejam incorporados no setor de forma progressiva, proporcionando a oportunidade de explorar a distribuição espacial dos eventos e apoio para a tomada de decisão médica, a vigilância e a implementação de políticas na saúde pública. Este artigo tenta contextualizar a utilização de sistemas de informação geográfica no sector da saúde, com especial ênfase na sua aplicação em epidemiologia e saúde pública.